Modern Orthodox Judaism

A Modern Orthodox shul of the Orthodox Union, its rabbi a member of the Rabbinical Council of America: full observance of Jewish law, the written and oral Torah held divine and binding, with engagement in secular education and American life. Orthodox Jews are about 9% of American Jews but 17% of those under thirty; 93% belong to a synagogue and 80% attend at least monthly. The shul prays three times a day, its times set by the sun: Shacharit early each morning, Minchah and Ma'ariv around sunset, Kabbalat Shabbat at candle-lighting on Friday, and the long Shabbat morning service, with the Torah read by a skilled ba'al koreh and Musaf, followed by a kiddush. A minyan is ten men; men and women sit apart, divided by a mechitza (or, in some shuls, with the women in a gallery: a variant), and only men lead the prayers or are called to the Torah. There are no instruments, microphones, money, or driving on Shabbat and festivals, which are kept two days: members live within walking distance, often inside an eruv. The kitchen is strictly kosher under a mashgiach. Members pay dues and seat charges and pledge for honours, paid after Shabbat; their children go to day schools rather than a Hebrew school. Rabbis are men, ordained at yeshivas such as Yeshiva University's RIETS; the OU bars women from clergy roles (2017), and the rebbetzin is an expected community leader. A community mikveh, usually not in the shul, serves married women, brides, and converts.

All 80 traditions · its profile in Faiths and traditions, with how to play it and what sets its faith apart; How people feel, what every factor is.

At a glance

Faith	Judaism
Its words	shul, shul, sanctuary; the rabbi leads the service; the drashah; Shabbat; the Torah
Worship	torah focus, chanted, high formality (1.00 of 1); seated on pews; men and women on either side; a quorum of ten men
Music	organ forbidden; gospel organ forbidden; piano forbidden; band forbidden; brass forbidden; handbells forbidden; song leader expected; recorded forbidden
The room's sound	likes a ringing room (organ and choir)
Its year	hebrew; full observance; fasts light
Leans	conservative on moral questions, conservative on economic ones
Polity	congregational; leaders come by call; property local
Leaders	one leader, full time, trained by seminary; marriage expected
Belonging	high commitment, pastoral discipline, admitted by board
Giving	tithing taught; collected by dues, mailed; also holy day seats, rentals
Way of life	alcohol permitted, dress modest, sabbath strict, meat kosher, burial prompt

The week's services

Day	Time	Service	Led by	People look for it
Sunday	8:00 am	Shacharit (in Hebrew, short, and plays quickly: people come 20% as often as to a main service)	the laity	expected
Sunday to Thursday	sunset − 15 min 4:30 pm in January, 8:09 pm in July (Chicago)	Minchah and Ma'ariv (in Hebrew, short, and plays quickly: people come 15% as often as to a main service)	the laity	expected
Monday to Friday	6:30 am	Shacharit (in Hebrew, short, and plays quickly: people come 20% as often as to a main service)	the laity	expected
Friday	candle-lighting 4:27 pm in January, 8:06 pm in July (Chicago)	Kabbalat Shabbat (in Hebrew, short, and plays quickly: people come 35% as often as to a main service)	the rabbi	expected
Saturday	8:45 am	Shabbat morning service (in Hebrew)	the rabbi	expected
Saturday	sunset − 40 min 4:05 pm in January, 7:44 pm in July (Chicago)	Minchah, seudah shlishit, and Ma'ariv (shabbat afternoon, in Hebrew, short, and plays quickly: people come 20% as often as to a main service)	the laity	expected

Leader: a rabbi. With none (a vacancy, or no one hired), the shul holds a Lay-led Shabbat service in place of its own, led by the laity, which costs everyone at it 0.04; on sabbatical a supply rabbi stands in ($800 a month). The short daily services go on whether or not anyone leads them, and move no one's satisfaction.
Bar mitzvah needs a Torah scroll: without it the rite is missed, and its regulars mind.
Simchat Torah hakafot needs a Torah scroll: without it the rite is missed, and its regulars mind.
Lay helpers at each service: Required: a ba'al koreh.
Day of rest: Shabbat (Saturday), kept from candle-lighting (18 minutes before sunset) the evening before to nightfall. Weddings are held on Sunday instead, and a main service on Sunday costs everyone at it 0.12.
The minyan: ten men of 13 and up, counted as each service begins. With fewer, the prayers that need it can't be said, and everyone at a main service feels it (−0.08).
Burial: prompt: the funeral is the next day, or the first after it that isn't Shabbat or a holy day kept free of weddings and funerals.
A kosher kitchen: meals cost 1.35× as much, or 1.2× with a mashgiach on the staff; pork and shellfish are never served.

Rites

Bar mitzvah (monthly, +0.03 to those there): At thirteen a boy becomes obliged to keep the commandments: he is called up to the Torah for the first time, often reads the portion or the haftarah himself, and from then on counts in the minyan and puts on tefillin each weekday. His family sponsors the kiddush. A girl's bat mitzvah, at twelve, is marked apart: a party, a d'var Torah, or a reading among women.
Brit milah and baby naming (per birth, +0.025 to those there): A son is circumcised by a mohel on his eighth day, even on Shabbat, and given his Hebrew name, at home, in the hospital, or in the shul after the morning service, with a festive meal. A daughter is named at the Torah, when her parent is called up, or at a ceremony of welcome. The congregation answers with mazel tov.
Yahrzeit (weekly, +0.005 to those there): Before the Mourner's Kaddish, the names of those whose yahrzeit, the anniversary of their death, falls in the coming week are read aloud, their lights on the memorial board are lit, and their families rise to say Kaddish together.
Yizkor (yearly, +0.02 to those there): The memorial prayers said on Yom Kippur, and on the last days of the pilgrim festivals: those who have lost a parent stay in the sanctuary to remember them by name, and pledge charity in their memory; by custom, those whose parents are living step outside.
Simchat Torah hakafot (yearly, +0.03 to those there): On the evening Simchat Torah begins, every Torah scroll is taken from the ark and carried around the bimah seven times, the hakafot, with singing and dancing that spills out of the doors; children wave flags and are given sweets. Next morning the last verses of Deuteronomy are read, and the first of Genesis.
Wedding under the chuppah (on request, +0.02 to those there): The couple stand under the chuppah, a canopy open on all sides, before the rabbi and two witnesses; the ketubah, the marriage contract, is read, a ring given, seven blessings sung over wine, and a glass broken underfoot to shouts of mazel tov. Never on Shabbat or a festival.
Shiva minyan (on request, +0.02 to those there): After a funeral, held within a day of the death, the mourners sit shiva at home for seven days: the congregation brings meals, and gathers in the house each evening (and in traditional communities each morning) for a minyan, so the mourners can say Kaddish.
Conversion (on request, +0.01 to those there, $360 from the household, asked for 0.002 times a year by a household, 60 minutes): Someone who chooses Judaism studies with a rabbi, often for a year, then comes before a beit din, a court of three; in the traditional movements (and many liberal ones) immerses in a mikveh, and a man is circumcised or gives a symbolic drop of blood. Then they take a Hebrew name, as a child of Abraham and Sarah. Each movement's conversions are its own: the Orthodox recognise only those of Orthodox courts.

Joining

Joining: a content regular is received as a member after about 4 weeks.
Joining age: 18.
Kinds of belonging: member households (votes, may hold office); received by its board.
What it means: being received is worth +0.1 to the person, +0.05 to family there, and +0.03 to everyone else at the service. It roots them: a rooted household drifts away only 0.6 times as often, and if it does fall away, it has a 25% chance of coming home at each of its great days (at most once a month) for ten years.

Giving, and what goes up

How its people give and what else comes in, as Money explains it for every faith.

How it's given: the donation, by dues, and gifts by post. With no plate passed, visitors give nothing at the service. Gifts by post or in envelopes come in at the month's start.
Dues: each November member households take up their dues, about 70% of what they could give (±15%), with the chance a pledge would be made (0.9 × engagement), and pay them monthly, nearly always; regulars who haven't joined pay none, so membership is most of the income.
Seats for the holy days: on a holy day drawing twice the usual crowd or more, each adult in a household that doesn't belong buys a seat, $150, in place of an offering.
Rites asked for: households book 1 rite at the prices it lists, from $360 to $360 (below), members half as often again as regulars; the fees go to the fees line, in place of a flat stipend.
Renting space: its congregations are known for it, so tenants pay 15% more.
Fundraisers: any it allows (below).
Owed above: OU membership dues, $1,500 a year, to the Orthodox Union; not kept, it costs the wider body's regard.

The rabbi, the staff, and who decides

How the rabbi comes: advertised and called: the board of directors votes.
Paid: full time; housed or given an allowance, as you set.
Candidates: three apply; trained at seminary; men; nearly all married; the spouse has a recognized part (+0.01 to everyone after each service).
Tenure: settled for about 15 years, then may be called elsewhere.
Staff it can hire or name (see Staff and volunteers):
- Bivocational rabbi ($22,000–$38,000; cares for 75)
- Rabbi ($55,000–$85,000 + $18,000 benefits, full time; cares for 150)
- Associate rabbi ($42,000–$62,000 + $15,000 benefits, full time; cares for 100 more)
- Mashgiach ($8,000–$24,000; keeps the kitchen)
- Choir director / organist / pianist ($15,000–$35,000; leads the music (up to +0.06))
- Caretaker ($18,000–$30,000; slows the building's wear)
- Shul secretary ($20,000–$35,000; runs the office (+50 to the leader's reach, once))
- Youth director ($20,000–$40,000; up to +0.08 for households with young people)
- Education director ($30,000–$55,000; up to +0.08 for households with young people)
- Cantor ($48,000–$88,000 + $15,000 benefits, full time; leads worship; leads the music (up to +0.06); cares for 50 more)
- Executive director ($55,000–$95,000 + $15,000 benefits, full time; runs the office (+50 to the leader's reach, once); cares for 30 more)
Its boards: the board of directors (deciding, over everything); the gabbaim (advising, over calls and the spiritual life).
Renovations: The members vote, consulting the rabbi.
New construction: The members vote, consulting the rabbi.
Calling a leader: The board of directors votes.
Who votes: member households, 16 and over.

Life together

What its Community screen offers it, with the dilemmas only its own faith or family meets; see The congregation in its community.

Ministries of its own: Bikur cholim, Chevra kadisha, Men's club, Sisterhood, Torah study, Youth chapter.
Ministries every tradition can run that it's offered: Blood drive, Food pantry, Health clinic, Preschool, Youth group.
Fundraisers of its own: Gala and tribute journal, Kol Nidre appeal, Latke dinner and Hanukkah bazaar, Purim carnival.
Shared fundraisers it may hold: Auction, Bake sale, Bingo night, Car wash, Casino night, Raffle, Rummage sale, Shul festival.
Tenants it can take: A Masonic lodge, A scout troop, A twelve-step group, Dance classes, Parties and receptions, Polling place and forums, Wedding receptions.
Outreach: invitation Shabbat, a home Torah study (Community → Evangelism).
Places beyond the congregation: the community mikveh, the Jewish day school.
Dilemmas of its own faith (besides those every congregation meets): A family who can't pay their dues, Keeping the doors safe, Seats for the High Holy Days, The community mikveh, The price of a kosher kitchen.
Dilemmas its code of life brings: A candidates' forum, A raffle for the roof, A recruiter asks for the hall.

What the building needs

required Ark (aron kodesh)The Torah scrolls are kept in the ark on the front wall, and the congregation faces it in prayer.
required BimahThe Torah is read aloud from the bimah, the reading desk.
required MechitzaMen and women pray apart, on the same floor, divided by a mechitza.
required Torah scrollThe bar mitzvah is called up to read from the congregation's own Torah scroll. The congregation dances with its Torah scrolls. A congregation reads from its own Torah scroll, written by hand on parchment.
forbidden Drum kitThis tradition's worship is sung without instruments.
forbidden Hammond organThis tradition's worship is sung without instruments.
forbidden Handbell tableThis tradition's worship is sung without instruments.
forbidden Upright pianoThis tradition's worship is sung without instruments.
forbidden Pipe organThis tradition's worship is sung without instruments.
expected Ner tamidThe eternal light hangs before the ark, as the lamp burned before the Temple's sanctuary.
expected Yahrzeit boardThe names of the congregation's dead are kept on the memorial board, and lit on their yahrzeit.
expected beit midrashThe weekday minyanim and the rabbi's classes meet in the beit midrash, a study hall lined with books, smaller and warmer than the sanctuary.
expected social hallAfter Shabbat morning services everyone stays for the kiddush, and the families' celebrations, the b'nai mitzvah and the weddings, are held in the social hall.
expected the sanctuary facing eastSynagogues face Jerusalem: in America, east, with the ark on the eastern wall.
discouraged BannerBanners are not part of this tradition's worship space.

What people here feel

Architectural style: Colonial brick -0.012; Modern synagogue +0.006; Gurdwara +0.012; Japanese temple +0.024; Islamic +0.03; Shinto shrine +0.03; Chinese temple +0.036; Dravidian temple +0.042; Nagara temple +0.042; Thai temple +0.042; Jain marble +0.048; Gothic +0.054.
Building fit: up to ±0.15 for everyone, the average fit of the characterful items in its worship rooms (the table below).
Acoustics: it wants a ringing room, about 2.8 seconds of reverberation: stone, plaster, a high ceiling. Up to ±0.05.
Seasonal decor: in their seasons, the hanukkah menorah and sukkah are worth up to ±0.040 (missing them, the minus); out of season, nothing is called for.
Orientation: facing the way it wants is +0.04, and not, −0.04.
Shabbat: it worships on Saturday; a main service on Sunday costs everyone at it 0.12.
The minyan: fewer than ten at a main service costs everyone there 0.08.
The drashah lands by its topic and the tradition's leaning (below); the rabbi's preaching adds or costs up to 0.08 more.
The daily services move no one's satisfaction: no offering, sermon, or welcome; people come one by one, the retired twice as often, those of working age half as often on a weekday from nine to five.

How each drashah lands

The topics its leader can choose from (some are only for one faith or family), and what each is worth.

Sanctity of Life+0.06
Faith & Family+0.04
Faith of Our Fathers+0.04
Obedience & Discipline+0.04
Personal Holiness+0.04
Resisting Temptation+0.04
The Yoke of the Commandments+0.04
A Palace in Time+0.015
Gratitude+0.015
Hope & Comfort+0.015
Israel and the Jewish People+0.015
L'dor Vador+0.015
Sabbath Rest+0.015
Songs of the Psalms+0.015
Stewardship & Generosity+0.015
Teshuvah+0.015
The Life of Prayer+0.015
The Week's Parashah+0.015
Tzedakah+0.015
Zachor: Remember+0.015
Care for Creation-0.05
Healing for All-0.05
Interfaith Understanding-0.05
Reading Scripture in Context-0.05
Swords into Ploughshares-0.05
The Prophets' Call-0.05
Tikkun Olam-0.05
Welcome the Stranger-0.05
You Were Strangers-0.05
Racial Justice & Reconciliation-0.075
Radical Inclusion-0.075
Social Justice Call-0.075

Every item, for this tradition

Fit runs from −1 (jars) to +1 (just right); the building fit is the average over the characterful items in the worship rooms. An item with no character (a table, a toilet) has no fit. A rule applies wherever the item is.

Item	Fit	Rule
Seating
Box pew	+1
Meeting bench	no fit
Oak pew	no fit
Row of chairs	-1
Liturgical furniture
Ark (aron kodesh)	+0.5	required The Torah scrolls are kept in the ark on the front wall, and the congregation faces it in prayer.
Bimah	+0.5	required The Torah is read aloud from the bimah, the reading desk.
Columbarium niches	+1
Kiddush cup	no fit
Lectern	no fit
Pulpit	no fit
Torah scroll	no fit	required The bar mitzvah is called up to read from the congregation's own Torah scroll.
Music
Drum kit	-1	forbidden This tradition's worship is sung without instruments.
Electronic organ	-1
Grand piano	-1
Hammond organ	-1	forbidden This tradition's worship is sung without instruments.
Handbell table	-1	forbidden This tradition's worship is sung without instruments.
Pipe organ	0	forbidden This tradition's worship is sung without instruments.
Sound system	-1
Upright piano	-1	forbidden This tradition's worship is sung without instruments.
Decor
Banner	-1	discouraged Banners are not part of this tradition's worship space.
Eternal flame	no fit
Great dome	+1
Hanukkah menorah	0
Memorial plaque	no fit
Menorah	0
National flag	0
Ner tamid	+0.5	expected The eternal light hangs before the ark, as the lamp burned before the Temple's sanctuary.
Small dome	no fit
Stained glass window	+1
Yahrzeit board	+0.5	expected The names of the congregation's dead are kept on the memorial board, and lit on their yahrzeit.
Furnishings
Alms box	no fit
Coffee pot	no fit
Commercial coffee pot	no fit
Computer	no fit
Crib	no fit
Desk	no fit
Desk chair	no fit
Folding table	no fit
Full-length mirror	no fit
Mechitza	+0.5	required Men and women pray apart, on the same floor, divided by a mechitza.
Pillar	+1
Projection screen	-1
Tallit rack	0
Vestment cabinet	+1
Wooden table	no fit
Utility
A/V rack	no fit
Camera	no fit
Cast-iron boiler	no fit
Central air conditioner	no fit
Commercial HVAC plant	no fit
Commercial stove	no fit
Congregation van	no fit
Ductless heat pump	no fit
Electric wall heater	no fit
Gas furnace	no fit
Hearing loop	no fit
Lift	no fit
Mikveh pool	0
Packaged heat pump	no fit
Plumbing stack	no fit
Ramp	no fit
Shuttle bus	no fit
Sink	no fit
Solar panels	no fit
Stairs	no fit
Toilet	no fit
Used school bus	no fit
Wall camera	no fit
Window air conditioner	no fit
Grounds
Evergreen tree	no fit
Flower bed	no fit
Fountain	no fit
Garden bench	no fit
Hedge	no fit
Playground	no fit
Shade tree	no fit
Sukkah	0

Variants

Chosen when you found the shul:

Women's gallery: its own separation

Sources

Jewish Americans in 2020 (Pew Research Center) (link)
Jewish practices and customs (Pew Research Center, 2021) (link)
Three congregations in North America join Orthodox Union synagogue network (OU, 2014) (link)
OU bars women from serving as clergy in its synagogues (JTA, 2017) (link)
Orthodox council nixes hiring of female clergy (J. Weekly, 2015) (link)
Mechitzah: Separate Seating in the Synagogue (My Jewish Learning) (link)
Young Israel of West Hartford, minyan schedule (link)
What Is An Eruv? (My Jewish Learning) (link)
OU Recommendations for Vaad HaKashrus Supervision (OU Kosher) (link)
Orthodox Union statement on Obergefell v. Hodges (2015) (link)
Chevra Kadisha, or Jewish Burial Society (My Jewish Learning) (link)
Jewish Holidays 5787 (Hebcal) (link)